Aims:
To present data for plasma electrolytes and urine output of water and electrolytes in humans under normal control conditions (control - no water loading).

Objectives:
On completion of this program you should be able to:

1. describe plasma electrolyte concentrations and urine output of water and electrolytes under normal physiological conditions.
2. suggest how the nephron modifies tubular urine to maintain fluid homeostasis.
3. calculate the glomerular filtration rate.
4. calculate the fractional reabsorption of water and electrolytes.