In this program you will be presented with data from human subjects following specific protocols. The protocols for each experiment are different and will be described when you select an experiment.

However each experiment has certain things in common:

• blood samples are taken
  measure:
  1. plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, creatinine.
  2. plasma osmolality


• urine samples are taken
  measure:
  1. urine volume
  2. urine osmolality
  3. urine output of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, creatinine, total solute.


• water is ingested
  
  1. to maintain normal fluid balance (control experiments).
  2. to water load (water loading and diuretic experiments).


• a diuretic is administered in some experiments
  
  1. Bumetanide
  2. Acetazolamide
  3. Hydrochlorothiazide
  4. Amiloride